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HIGHLIGHT & QUOTES FROM NSSM 200
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SECURITY FACTORS

p. 37 Access to “strategic and critical” materials. The location of known reserves of higher-grade ores of most minerals favors increasing dependence of all industrialized regions on imports from less developed countries. The real problems of minerals supplies lie, not in basic physical sufficiency, but in the politico-economic issues of access, terms for exploration and exploitation, and division of the benefits among producers, consumers, and host country governments.

pp. 37-38 Slower growth means more political stability. … concessions to foreign companies are likely to be expropriated or subjected to arbitrary intervention. Whether through government action, labor conflicts, sabotage, or civil disturbance, the smooth flow of needed materials will be jeopardized. Although population pressure is obviously not the only factor involved, these types of frustrations are much less likely under conditions of slow or zero population growth.

pp. 43 Control of foreign populations for US industrial & military security. Whatever may be done to guard against interruptions of supply … the U.S. economy will require large and increasing amounts of minerals from abroad, especially from less developed countries. That fact gives the U.S. enhanced interest in the political, economic, and social stability of the supplying countries. Wherever a lessening of population pressures through reduced birth rates can increase the prospects for such stability, population policy becomes relevant to resource supplies and to the economic interests of the United States.

POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

p. 18 Priority to population control. … that the President and the Secretary of State treat the subject of population growth control as a matter of paramount importance. … a global target of replacement fertility levels by the year 2000.

p. 15 Alternative courses action … bilateral assistance to some of these countries may not be acceptable therefore, increase USAID population control budget; larger assistance to multilateral agencies

p. 17 Three areas of special emphasis:
1. Make population a part of host-country development plans;





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2. Ensure wide access to contraceptive technology;
3. Implement foreign assistance projects “offering the greatest promise of increased motivation for smaller family size”.

DIPLOMATC INITIATIVES

. There is a need to encourage population policies in less developed countries (LDCs) & harness cooperation of leaders.

Four categories of recommendations, in summery:

1. MULTILATERAL AGENCIES. Use multilateral agencies instead of direct U.S. involvement; … encourage further action by LDC governments and other institutions … (cf. pp. 113-114) especially in countries where the effectiveness of diplomacy is little or the resistance is great.

2. INTEGRATION OF FAMILY PLANNING. Integrate family planning will other development concerns and diplomatic efforts to persuade leaders of the benefits to them in population planning.

3. REWARD FOR GOOD PERFORMANCE. Supplying economic aid to reward nations for good family planning performance.

4. COERCION. Applying direct coercion.

p. 96 The beliefs, ideologies and misconceptions displayed by many nations at Bucharest indicate more forcefully than ever the need for extensive education of the leaders of many governments, … Approaches [for] leaders of individual countries must be designed in the light of their current beliefs and to meet their special concerns.

pp. 113-114 Recommends that the U.S. should work with other developed countries …
… in an international collaborative effort of research in human reproduction and fertility control covering bio-medical and socio-economic factors.
The U.S. further offered to collaborate with other interested donor countries and organizations (e.g., WHO, UNFPA, World Bank, UNICEF) in other activities which could include family planning.

p. 117 Recommends congressional lobby: Thus there is need to reinforce the positive attitudes of those in Congress who presently support U.S. activity in the population field and to enlist their support in persuading others

p. 127-128 Conduits for population funding: U.S. assistance is limited by the nature of political or diplomatic relations … or by the lack of strong government interest in population reduction programs (e.g. Nigeria, Ethiopia, Mexico, Brazil). In such cases, external technical and financial assistance, if desired by the countries, would have to come from other donors and/or from private and international organizations (many of which receive contributions from AID).


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pp. 20-21 United Nations lobby recommended: The U.S. should arrange for familiarization programs at U.N. Headquarters in New York for ministers of governments, senior policy level officials and comparatively influential leaders from private life.

p. 148 World Bank linkage recommended: Involvement of the Bank in this area would open up new possibilities for collaboration.
p. 149 With a greater commitment of Bank resources and improved consultation with AID and UNFPA, a much greater dent could be made on the overall problem.

p. 121 UNFPA – co-founded by US State Dept: The U.S. Department of State and AID played an important role in establishing the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) to spearhead a multilateral effort in population as a complement to the bilateral actions of AID and other donor countries.

var. pp. Indirect approach to population control in the developing world.
p. 106 There is also the danger that some LDC leaders will see developed country pressures for family planning as a form of economic or racial imperialism; this could create quite a serious backlash.

p. 114 It is vital that the effort to develop and strengthen a commitment on the part of the LDC leaders not be seen by them as an industrialized country policy to keep their strengths down or to reserves for use by the rich countries. Development of such a perception could create a serious backlash adverse to the cause of population stability…

p. 115 The U.S. can help to minimize charges of an imperialist motivation behind its support of population activities by repeatedly asserting that such support derives from a concern with (a) the right of the individual to determine freely and responsively their number and spacing of children … and (b) fundamental social and economic development of poor countries …

p. 18 Take advantage of UN policies: Development of our worldwide political and popular commitment to population to stabilization is fundamental to any effective strategy. This requires the support and commitment of key LDC leaders. This will only take place if they clearly see the negative impact of unrestricted population growth and believe it is possible to deal with this question through government action. The U.S. should encourage LDC leaders to take the lead in advancing family planning.

p. 100 Population control is a unique aspect of U.S. foreign policy:
The proposed strategy calls for a coordinated approach to respond to the important U.S. foreign policy interest in the influence of population growth in world’s political economic and ecological system. What is unusual about population is that these foreign policies interest must have a time horizon far beyond that of utmost other objectives.

p. 128 Embassies can use intelligence capabilities to promote population control in non-cooperative LCDs: The US (Government) would, however, maintain an interest (e.g. through Embassies) in such countries population problems and programs (if any) to reduce population growth rates. Moreover, particularly in the case of high priority countries to which U.S. population assistance is now limited for one reason or another, we should be alert to opportunities for expanding our assistance effort and



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for demonstrating to their leaders the consequences of rapid population growth and the benefits of actions to reduce fertility.
pp. 21-22 We must take care that our activities should not give the appearance to the LDCs of an industrialized country policy directed against the LDCs.

Integrated approach: Assist LDC leaders in integrating on population factors in national plans, particularly as they relate to help services, education, agricultural resources and development … and relate population policies and family planning programs to major sectors of development: health, nutrition, agriculture, education, social services, organized labor, women’s activities, and community development.

p. 177 Integration of family planning with popular health services as a way to eliminate suspicion, not only among country leaders, but among general public: Finally, providing integrated family planning and health services on a broad basis would help the U.S. contend with the ideological charge that the U.S. is more interested in curving the numbers of LDC people than it is in their future and well-being. While it can be argued, and argued effectively, that limitation of numbers may well be one of the most critical factor in enhancing development potential and improving the chances for well-being, we should recognize that those who argue along ideological lines have made a great deal of the fact that the U.S. contribution to the development programs and help programs has steadily shrunk, whereas funding for population program has steadily increased. While many explanation maybe brought forward to explain these trends, the fact is that they have been an ideological liability to the U.S. in its crucial evolving relationships with the LDCs.

p. 20 Coercive persuasion to secure cooperation: Methods … to straighten population planning in national development plans … (should include) consideration of population factors and population policies in all countries assistance strategies papers (CASP) and development assistance program (DAP) multi-year papers.

p. 106 Conditioning of food aid on population control performance: There is also some established precedent for taking account of family planning performance in appraisal of assistance requirements by AID and consultative groups. Since population growth is a major determinant of increases in food demand, allocation of scarce PL 40 resources should take account of what steps a country is taking in population control as well as food productions. In these sensitive relationship, however, it is important in style as well as substance to avoid the appearance of coercion.
p. 118 … Mandatory programs maybe needed and that we should be considering these possibilities now.

p. 119-120 Would food be considered an instrument of national power? Will we be forced to make choices as to whom we can reasonably assist, if so should population efforts be a criterion for such assistance?
Is the U.S. prepared to accept food rationing to help people who can’t won’t control their population growth?
… should the choice be made that the recommendations and the options given below are not adequate to meet the problem, consideration should be given to a further study and additional action in these field as outlined above.


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IMPLEMENTATION OF POPULATION STRATEGY

Intro, p. 17 Change attitudes and beliefs of those who lack motivation: … priority should be given in the general aid program to selective development policies in sectors offering the greatest promise of increased motivation for smaller family size.

p. 108 Selective sectoral support for greater population decline: It is clear that the availability of contraceptive services and information is not a complete answer to the population problem. In view of the importance of socio-economic factors in determining desired family size, over-all assistance strategy should increasingly concentrate on selective policies which will contribute to population decline as well as other objectives.

p. 111 Education strategies aimed at women and youth: minimal levels of education, especially for woman and education and indoctrination of the rising generation of children regarding the desirability of smaller family size.

p. 138 Direct payment to family planning acceptors: … some controversial, but remarkably successful experiments in India in which financial incentives along with other motivational devices were used to get large numbers of men to accept vasectomies.

p. 171 Increased allocation for contraceptive research: A stepwise increase over the next 3 years to a total of about $100 million annually for fertility and contraceptive research is recommended. This is an increase of $60 million over the current $40 million expended annually by the major Federal Agencies for bio-medical research. Short-term approaches: (a.) Oral contraceptives; (b) Intra-uterine devices; (c) Ovulation prediction: (d) Sterilization; …

pp. 172-173 Injectibles and sterilization:
(e) Injectible contraceptives for woman; (f) Leuteclytic and anti-progesterone approaches; (g) Non-clinical methods: …
Testing of new methods in developing countries:
(h) Field studies. Clinical trials of new methods in use settings are essential to test their worth in developing countries and to select the best of several possible methods in a given setting.
p. 174 Long-term approaches: … will lead to better methods of fertility control for use in five to fifteen years…in particular, an injection which will be effective for specified periods of time.

pp. 182-184 Abortion: No country has reduced its population growth without resorting to abortion.
XXX
(US) AID sought through research to reduce the health risks and other complexities which arise from the illegal and unsafe forms of abortion. One result has been the development of the Menstrual Regulation Kit, a simple in expensive safe and effective means of fertility control which is easy to use under LDC conditions … other donors or organization maybe become interested in promoting with their on funds dissemination of this promising fertility control method.
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(US) AID will continue to finance training of LDC doctors in the latest techniques used in obstetrics-gynecology practice, and will not disqualify such training programs if they include pregnancy termination with in overall curriculum.
XXX
(US) AID funds may continue to be used for research relative to abortion since Congress specifically chose not to include research among the prohibited activities.
XXX
It would be unwise to restrict abortion research for the following reasons:
1. The president and ubiquitous nature of abortion.
2. Widespread lack of safe abortion techniques.
3. Restriction of research on abortifacient drugs and devices would:
a. Possibly eliminate further development of the IUD.
b. Prevent development of drugs which have other beneficial uses …

p. 117 Maximize use of mass communications: Beyond seeking to reach and influence national leaders, improved worldwide support for population-related efforts should be sought through increased emphasis on mess media and other population education and motivation programs by the UN, USIA and USAID. We should give higher priorities in our information programs worldwide for this area and consider the expansion of collaborative arrangements with multilateral institutions in population education programs. (NB: This is already a reality today, through global satellite broadcasting.)
p. 186 The priority need might lie in the utilization of this technology, particularly with large and illiterate rural populations. … Yet AID’s work suggests that radio, posters, printed material, and various types of personal contacts by health/family planning workers tend to be more cost-effective than television except in those areas (generally urban) where a TV system is already in place which reaches more than just the middle and upper classes … Mass media can effectively complement necessary inter-personal communications.
p. 187 AID believes that the best bet in media strategy is to encourage intensive use of media already available, or available at relatively low cost.



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